Form-Based Codes Gain Traction
Case Study:
Downtown Phoenix Urban Form Project


The Downtown Phoenix Urban Form Project is a collaborative process to shape future growth and to help realize the Downtown Strategic vision for a livelier, more integrated and sustainable downtown. The city has embarked on this project due to heightened development interest: a variety of residential, retail, and office projects are being proposed on vacant sites throughout downtown. The existing zoning does not ensure that projects built will create an attractive downtown with shade, pedestrian-oriented streets and quality design. The zoning needs to be revised in order to achieve a great downtown that can be an exciting destination for the residents of Phoenix and the region.

The Urban Form Project is intended to establish the rules that will guide downtown as it continues to develop and transform. The actual transformation of downtown depends primarily on the initiative of the private sector and will be driven by market demand for housing, office, hotel, and retail. The city plays a key role by investing in streets, parks, art, and other improvements and by assisting critical “catalyst” projects such as the ASU Downtown Campus and the biomedical center.

Project Area
The study area contains about 1,500 acres, roughly bounded by Seventh Avenue and Seventh Street, McDowell Road to the north and Buckeye Road to the south. The geographical heart of the city, the study area includes Copper Square, the 90-block core of downtown, where the majority of the area's office, convention, cultural, university, biomedical, entertainment and government uses are located. The study area also encompasses residential neighborhoods, historic districts, unique arts districts and many vacant and underutilized areas that offer outstanding opportunities for continued growth.
More cities are adopting form-based zoning codes to replace the traditional approach to zoning as a way to separate various land uses, such as residential districts from offices and industrial areas, which encouraged suburban sprawl by pushing housing farther and farther away from centers of employment. Form-based codes use physical form rather than separation of uses as the organizing principle for codes, according to the Form-Based Codes Institute.  
 
Miami and Phoenix are among the large cities that are moving toward the form-based code approach; Denver is reportedly moving in that direction.

Form-based codes foster predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form (rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle for codes, according to the Form-Based Codes Institute. These codes are adopted into city or county law as regulations, not as mere guidelines.

Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. The regulations and standards in form-based codes are keyed to a regulating plan that designates the appropriate form and scale (and therefore character) of development rather than simply distinctions in land-use types. Conventional zoning focuses on the micromanagement and segregation of land uses and the control of development intensity through abstract and uncoordinated parameters (e.g., FAR, dwellings per acre, setbacks, parking ratios, traffic LOS) to the neglect of an integrated built form.

According to the Form-Based Codes Institute, form-based codes commonly include the following elements:
  • Regulating plan: A plan or map of the regulated area designating the locations where different building form standards apply, based on clear community intentions regarding the physical character of the area being code.
  • Public space standards: Specifications for the elements within the public realm (e.g., sidewalks, travel lanes, on-street parking, street trees, street furniture).
  • Building form standards: Regulations controlling the configuration, features, and functions of buildings that define and shape the public realm.
  • Administration: A clearly defined application and project review process.
  • Definitions: A glossary to ensure the precise use of technical terms.

For information, visit the Form-Based Codes Institute.